Method of constructing piles.



J B. GOLDSBOROUGH, METHOD OF GONSTRUCTING FILES.

APPLIGATION FILED JULY 6, 1909.

Patented June 1451.919

4 SHEETS-SHEET l.

J. B. GULDSBUROUGH. METHOD OF GONSTRUGTING FILES.

APPLICATION FILED JULY 6, 1909 v 5361;41:92a Patented June 14, 1910.

SHEETS-SHEET 2.

J. B. GOLDSBOROUGH. METHOD OF OONSTRUGTING FILES.

APPLICATION FILED JULY 6, 1909.

Patented June 14, 1910.

4 SHEETS-SHEET 3.

961,4E9Qa J. B. GOLDSBOROUGH. METHOD OF UONSTBUGTING FILES.

APPLICATION FILED JULY 6,1909.

Patented June 14, 1910.

1 SHEBTSSHEET 4 ,sur e pp e BEST AVAQLABLE coat UNITED STATES PATENT. Om,

JOHN BYRON GOLDSBOROUGH,OF CROTON, NEXV YORK, ASSIGNOR T0 T1;

PINNING COMPANY, OF NEW YORK, N.

Y., A CORPORATION or new METHOD OF CONSTRUCTTNG FILES.

in the construction of piles and is-applican ble to such piles as are intended to serve as an anchorage, as well as to those intended to serve as a support, being adapted both to piles thatreslst a longitudinal pull as to those that resist a similar thrust.

The particular kind of piles, in the construction ofwhich my invention is used, is that formed of a fluid or semi-fluid composi-. tion which sets in position, and for which purpose, cement, grout, or concrete is well adapted and customarily .used, although other-compositions or material capable of compacting under pressure may be em-- ployed, as my invention does not reside in such com osition, but in the method whereby the '-pi e is formed. In the construction of such piles Where they are intended to I serve' -a's a support or foundation, it is;: of great importance that the-earth supporting the'footm'g should bethoroughly: consolir dated and brought to a firm and uniform consistency, and it is also highly desirable that an enlarged footing should be constructed. The customary way of accomplishing these objects has been to excavate the earth for the lining of the pile and to enlarge the footing by excavating, as by a bucket, the use of a water jet,-etc., and then to insertthe concrete and to-compact the same by ramming where-the pile is formed in place. This method com acts the con-t crete, but has little if any e ect inincreasing the compactness of the: surrounding" earth, and consequently will not materially enlarge the horizontal dimensions of the footing. This is due to the fact thatthe earth will-not compact satisfactorily und r the'infiuenc'e of a blow transmitted through concrete, but it will under a continuin presin the'same manner. T e latforce will have a decided effect: andshas' 5 capacity 5 of compacting the earth to sa w i g'realt e'mntzr1' -tploy 1 gr Specification of Letters Patent. Application filed July 6, 1909. Serial No. 506,055.

Patented J upon a piston to press the concrete art,

pact the earth. An effective force hundred tons may be easilyobtainedl such ack, and assuming thatitheconor inserted-through a pi c three feet in d1 ter, ha an area 0 about ten square; A this woul give an effective pressure u -th8300i1019t8 of ten tons to the square and will exert a continuous compressin force upon the earth at the footing-ofrilioli one hundred and fifty pounds to the-squad inch. -This will materially compress the earth and-may be increased at tigillgzeither by i increasing-thepower of theck v or qacksor by decreasingr the:diametrtOfafliQmQifumn. It is a decided :adgantageftfihavaahe footing enlarged horizontally andgnqtgrdr'hfiically. 'The ramming cit -the heavy blows, as; :I have tstated,-ihas only e. slight compacting efiect' upon the earthgsarl this is -liab e? to :betransmittedin siaiivei'tieil direction, as the concrete, not vflowingi quickly,- will act more as a plunger and t'ransmit the force of the blow. to the earth directly be- 'neath it. The earth, ifbf 'uSual and-sub stantially uniform: density; will resist compression in a vertical direction to afimuch ter extentvtlianzitl-willgin "h talidii rection; and-this; were zontal stratificationz -firvingatmthis greater resistanceflahereforeg therefiectaofrcontinuing pressure upon the .=concrete willrconvert: the same intoa semi-liquid or flui 1' piston, which will causeithe earth to be compacted to a considerable' extent horizontally, by enlarging'the'horizontal areaofthe footing, at the same time thorou hly compacting the surrounding earth in 0th horizontal and vertical directions, and filling any fissures or soft spots in the earth. The -earth is thereby brou' ht' to a uniform-kind supporting. con 'tion. The .additiondL-important advantage, 2'. e., .the. ult" safe supportingpower of-the-pile,"-zdue ttiz ioot there- 2 ing alone, and devoid of anyhassistame' 1 skin friction, is. easily obtained, ing that a column is designed to load of fifty tons, it isobvious tha fa prg sure of one hundred tonsis appliedithrough-g the jack to compact. theearthythatannwentu'al perinanen'tload offifty torjj-ma y easilyrz bornenanda ample of e t WilLJaSSBII18 BEST AVAltABLE CQPY 3 is designed to carry the load. t. of; withdrawing the casing ,irate and draw apart the concause it to assume an irregular occasionally to separate entirely. also, foreign material will fall he concrete. These causes have 'disastrous results and instances n where structures have collapsed the failure of the supporting col- ;ttributable to such causes. I also .ie this'difiiculty, in cases where it is l...to::-withdraw the casing, by my by continuing the pressure upon the 'te while the pipe or casing is bein rawn, whereby it is compacted and ed to compact the surrounding earth 116 casing is withdrawn, and to fill the ures and soft s ts, and the'intrusion of reign material is entirely prevented, and 1e integrity and size of the pile maintained. gonstant or substantiall constant pressure upon-the concrete will, believe, hasten the xclusion of the water and quicken the setu'ig ofthe concrete and, also, owing to its .prnpact structure, give it an increased sup 41 power. 4

'th objects sought to be accomyfr'ny invention and some of the achieved thereby are the follow-- jifigfiit'lo determine, by the methodused in I such pile, the safe load which I i the same will b ear.--.-;To enable the footing ofa column to be increased in size if depower or its resistance to displacement. To

consolidate the earth at the footing-bf a j columnwand 'thereby to inereaiseritssupport- L iiiiigopowerupTo producers. ipile the.

or bthencom ositionuof .whichuflie Qsame is composedi'sh *not-besparatedior l drawn a art-uby the withdrawal Olin-the sheath.w erein thesametwas formed, and

. from which foreign matter, such as earth, lg, shall be excluded. To enable such composition pile to be reinforced where desired by the addition of metal rods or other strengthening members. To enable the earth surrounding such pile to be consolidated throughout a desired area and to any reasonable extent, whereby the friction between the pile and earth and the supporting power 2 of the pile is increased, and whereby, also,

* any-fissures or soft'spotsfinthe surrounding 5 earth zare lstrengthenedi To determine in ,ar lvanoethe size footing which will be requiredto construct the footing of such de- 1 l sizea -.'l:o permit the excavation for g the footing of a PllB tdTbG mSdG and its 1 area and contour-to Be-determined, free of and thereby to increase its supporting any..Jiability of earth cassava intruder.- isnatfiapezmi thean umien:.thereorbem 1 inventioukco'nsists in t method of constructing such piles wln..eby suitable pipe, tube, or cylindrical receptacles are located in the earth at the place to be occupied by said pile and preferably 1 recess formed at the foot thereof, and the zomposition to be employed in the construction of the pile is then inserted and placed .nder contlnuous pressure, as, for instance, the pressure of a jack or other power devic acting upon a piston, whereby the earth is slowly compressed and the opening for the footing enarged.

My invention also consists in the method of constructing piles whereby a continuous pressure is exerted by mechanical means, as a piston upon the concrete, or other composition or material employed, in the manner described, as the said pipe or other lining is withdrawn, whereby the said composition is constantly under pressure and causes a consolidation of the surrounding earth and the filling of fissures "and soft s otstherein, and prevents the separation an disturbance of the said com 'osition and the intrusion of foreign materia both of which frequently hap n with disastrous results in the withdrawing of suchliningsas customarily practiced. '3

My invention also consists in the employment in such method of a flexible receptacle capable of being expanded and of consoli-.

dating the earth to a determined extent for the purpose of deciding the size of the opening for the footing and of ermit-ting the same 'to beexamined before it is filled, and which is particularly applicable in the case of-soft earth. 1

base shown,.butwit is notessential that the enlarged portion shall be formed in the precise manner shown,- since means are afforded to test the supporting-power of the footing. The important fact is that by the use of my method the earth is brought to such a compact state that: it will not yield further to a force applied which will be at least asgreat, and usually much greater, than the weight the pile is designed to carry. Thereby the supporting power of the column is determined by the method of construction before the pile is completed.

The foregoing, as well as other. matters of which my invention consists,. are fully set forth in the'following description, and they may be practically employed in the manner illuSTited'AnHthe accompanying drawing, wherein- I gji hfag yginiprored Tile iskto 1 ang l m nary enlw W l illustratesiaavertical section, of a horizontal area.

in any approved manner, as, tor instance, by

BEST AVAiLABLE COPY 2 illustrates an enlarged footy my method, together with the lities employed to enlarge the ,1 3 is a view similar to Fig. 2,

.g the employment of reinforcing -he concrete and the use of a weight- .orm as an abutment for the jack in the building wall of Fig. 2. Fig. i

:oss-section on the line H of Fig. 8;

Fig. 5 illustrates the employment of a. ,ble bag to enlarge the footing.

the construction of piles by my method,

ite a casing in the earth at the point :e it is desired to construct the pile and ferably drive the same to a depth sub- .ntially corresponding to the length of the dc, excluding the footing which is con- Jtructed below the casing, and has a greater Such casing may be sunk the, emp oyment of a hydraulic or other powerful jack as 2, acting against a wall 3 of a building (Fig. 2), or a weighted platform 4 (Fig. Such method of sinking the casing by pressure rather than blows, possesses the great advantage that it does not disturb adjacent structures, which is important, as such piles are frequently required to be formed adjacent to existing buildings. The sinking of the casing by pressure tends to consolidate surrounding soil and actually to strengthen adjacent foundations in cases where the soil is not re moved from the-casing.

The earth wit-hinthe casing may beremoved by suitable and well known means,

such as the pneumatic process, the use of a water jet, an earth auger, etc., or the point a shoe or of the casing may-be closed-by plug, which is removable, and the soil is compressed as the casing is driven, thereby leaving the interior of the casing free of soil.

hen the casing is free of solid matter, the earth immediately below the casing is preferably excavated, as by an orangepeel bucket of the Hayward type, substantially to the extent indicated at 5 (Fig. 1), and this excavation may then be enlarged by means of a water jet introduced through pipe (3 having an end 7, bent substantially horizontally, by means of which the excavation is enlarged substantially to the dimensions indicated by dotted lines (Figs. 1 and 2). A suitable quantity of concrete, cement, or other suitable composition 8, is then inserted in thelower part of the casing, filling the footing excavation as so enlarged, and likewise the lower end of the casing. A piston 9 is then inserted within the casing and its head fits within the casing snugly enough, so that the concrete will not escape when pressure is applied, but the air will. The piston may, if desired, be double-headed as shown, in order that it may be guided truly, or it may have a single head draulic or other powerful jac; means of exerting continuing a pressure is then arranged, so th ert its force upon the piston an ,ing wall 3, or a weighted platfoi be enlarged until it shall have assumed abou.

the shape and size illustrated at 10 (Fig.2) ,i or even larger if desired, and as the area of the enlarged footing increases over the area. of the original excavation substantially asi the squares of the diameters, it follows thati a greatly increased bearing surface is'obtained. k r It may be found desirable to'employ' a follower 11, to interppse between the iston and the jack in cts'eswhref'headmom lim ited or a deep casin -lis elnployedgfl war as when the con'egete approache's HEW": the casing. Th Q #shouldWeilo Slit; cient strength toir sist t e tliejabk; although this is 'reinforced bytthe earth backing. g In many instances it maybe desired tof withdraw the casing for future use and to} facilitate this, chains and hooks 12, 13, are? provided, by means of whichthe casing may? be lifted in any of many Ways; During such} Withdrawing of the casing the pressureuipon the concrete may be continued, if desired, or if not convenient, such pressure may be applied intermittently so that the concrete as released 'from the 1 casing s ha llgbe thor; oughly 'compaete(El-11nd be"brought intli inti mate relation with the surrounding earrth,

which will thereby also Ibej thoroughlyjconsolidated. Should any 'fissurescr sdft spots I in the earth befileveloped; they will thoroughly filled with concrete, and at the withdrawal of the casing a positive assur- 1 ance is provided that the concrete pile is at least as large as estimated and that its integrity has not been impaired: The casing has straight parallel sides asshown, and, thereby as it is withdrawn a snug fit is main- ,f tain'ed with the surrounding soil and there? is no liability of the concrete flowing up the side'of the casing. I a E It is frequently desired to reinforcmsuchi concrete piles and this maybe easily aecdm plished-by my methodby the insertion-oh rods 14, which pass through perforations 15; in the piston head and follower- Such rods are extremely desirable in case theco'nc etpile'is to serve as' an anchorage", and'here) l prefertofifil fide them with hooked ie'nds BEST AVAILABLE COPY .ed in Fig. 8. Such rods may rim to the introduction of the the footing may be further if desired, by the location lattice of rods.

going method will be found ,ntageous in the case of firm soil, 1, gravel, or firm earth, but where is soft or heavily charged with nodification thereof may be ad .zh as illustrated in Fig. 5. Here, formation of the preliminary foot- .avation as above described has been ted, I insert within the casing a pipe .aving a perforated flange 18, and a bag ,1 of suitable material, such as closely-woven canvas, is then secured to the pipe above the flange, as'by band 20. This bag is collapsed when inserted, as shown by dotted lines.

fAfter insertion a piston 21, having a hollow lrod andperforated head, fits over pipe 17, [and will be lowered until its rests upon the bag to provide a backin for said bag. This f pistolizrhead may, if esired, be provided iwithfa packing 22. Instead of said piston the lower part of the casing may be filled with concrete which,.w-ill,' when set, provide ksgljcientflbackmg for the bag. In such the parts 17, 18, will remain in posit-ion ind will provide a reinforcement for the gnass. They should then be filled with grout r concrete. Piston 21 being in position, ZWater 1s pumped into the bag 19 until it has been expanded to its fullest extent and asthe desired size. This may be easily determined, for the capacity of the bag is ,iknown, as well as the quantity ,of water umped in, and pressure upon -the water 1s maintained until it has compacted and consolidated the earth and has assumed the desired size. The water may then be withdrawn by releasing the pressure and withdrawing the bag, and a quantity of liquid gcement, as grout, introduced directly into 5 the enlarged footing, the. bag reintroduced, :filled with'water, pressure a plied, and the 1 grout pressed firmlyaroun the walls of the excavation. When the grout has set in place, the bag may be withdrawn and the cement lining of the footing will then exclude surrounding water. The footin may, if desired, be thoroughly examined y the introduction of an electric lamp and if found suitable, concrete may be introduced, subjected to desired pressure, and the filling of the casing, and itswithdrawal, if desired, proceeded with as hereinabove described.

; .Thepreli'minary expanding of theexcavation by means of the water-filled bag may be dispensed withand the grout introduced directly into {lithe excavation as originally prepared, andq-pressedinto lace by the, expansion of; the mater bag. In case the con- ;dition of the soil." should be very soft if det 'jed the grout could be duced the bag, thereby doing away with water, and expanded to place. 'i. could notbe withdrawn. In ver where the casing quickly fills w i I may dispense with the excavatr the pipe and proceed by lowering th the bottom of the casing, then fill grout, thereby displacing the water, i applying pressure to the pipe, fore. grout to enlarge the bag to the desireo tent to form a footing. This will also the foot of the casing against the fu rt ingress of water, whereupon the watt the casing may be pumped out and the ing filled as before, either withdrawing sa or not, as desired.

In the method above described, as well a in the modification thereof, the advantage is present that substantially the area of the footing may be known by the amount of concrete required. In both cases, also, the presence of the water at the base of the is not fatal to they construction offazsubr.

stantial footing, as, while it is desirable to remove the water as far as possiblebypreliminary pumping, the force of the ack will tend todrive the :water back into the ,soil and the balance will escape above the piston, permitting the concreteto set in a solid mass, as stated.

This'method will be found highly desirable in the construction of piles in marshy land, where great difficulty is experienced, and it will also be advantageous in the construction of building piles, as well as in underpinning work, whereit may be an advantageous adjunct to the Breuchaud method of underpinning. ,,.It will also be useful inconstructinganchorages for the cables of suspension bridges- What I claim is:

1. A method of forming piles, which consists in forming an opening in the soil, in then inserting a body of concrete or similar material at the'foot thereof, and in then subjecting the said material to a continuing and uninterrupted pressure, determined by the load the pile is expected to carry, until the footing has been enlarged to the desired extent and has the requisite supporting power, substantially as described.

2. A method of forming piles, which consists in introducing a easing into the soil, in then inserting a body of concrete or similar material at the foot thereof, and in then subjecting the said material to a pressure substantially equal to the load the pile is eventually to carry, and continuing such pressure until thesaid footing presents a resistance to movement equal to such pressure, thereby consolidating the surrounding soiland ascertaining the supporting. power of the'pile, substantially as described.

8. A method of forming piles having an I enlar 'ged fO0tlI1g-Wl11Ch COI1S1StS 1n intro: 13 0? lot; 1

ducing a casing into the soil, in removing the soil from within said casing, in then inserting a body of concrete or similar material at the foot thereof, and in then subjecting the said material to a pressure substantially equal to the load the pile is eventually to carry, until the footing has been enlarged to the desired extent, and continuing such pres sure until the said footing presents a resistance to movement equal to such pressure, thereby consolidating the surrounding soil and ascertaining the supporting power of the footing, and in then adding additional material until the requisite length has been attained, and in subjecting the said material to continuous pressure at each addition thereto.

at. A method of forming piles, which consists in introducing a casing into the soil, in then inserting a body of concrete or similar material at the foot thereof and applying continuous and uninterrupted pressure thereto determined by the load the pile is intended to carry, until the footing has been enlarged and compacted so that it will support said load without movement, and in then gradually filling the casing with said material and withdrawing the casing at each addition of said material and applying a continuing pressure to each additional charge of material until the pile is formed whereby the body of the pile is consolidated, substantially as described.

5. A method of forming piles having an enlarged footing, which consists in introducing a easing into the soil, in then introducing grout or similar material at the foot of the casing, in then introducing a flexible bag and filling the same with fluid material and applying continuous pressure thereto until the footing has been enlarged, and maintaining the pressure until the grout has set, and in then filling the said excavation with concrete or similar material, substantially as described.

6. A method of forming piles, which consists in introducing a easing into the soil, in then removing the soil from within said casing, in then excavating at the foot thereof, in then introducing grout or similar cementing material within said excavation, in then inserting a flexible bag within said excavation, filling the same with fluid and applying pressure thereto, whereby the footing is enlarged to the desired extent and the grout is distributed over the walls thereof, in maintaining such pressure until the grout sets, and in then withdrawing the bag and filling the footing and the casing with concrete or similar material, substantially as described.

JOHN BYRON GOLDSBOROUGH.

Witnesses ADoLrH F. Dnvsn, JOHN H. Rniss. 

